THE SUSTAINABILITY ODYSSEY: CRAFTING GOVERNANCE FOR
SPACE FRONTIERS. SUSTAINABILITY, GOVERNANCE, AND INORBIT
ACTIVITIES

E. KOELLNER

Corresponding Author: Founder & Principal of OORT Ventures; University of Mississippi Law School, LL.M. Air & Space Law; Masaryk University (MUNI), PHD Candidate, Intellectual Property Law, ed.koellner@gmail.com

Abstract

Including sustainability in the administration of space activities is not just a question of obeying rules but also a fundamental basis for the direction of human activities in outer space (1). This paper systematically examines the complicated issues and potential benefits of the growing use of satellite constellations, the growing problem of space debris, and the general need for robust governance mechanisms to ensure the sustainable use of space as a resource. The objective includes a thorough examination of the present circumstances, as well as an assessment of the significance of international law, the success of current governance structures, and the opportunities for new legal and cooperative solutions presenting a reasonable assessment of the direction for the future. The quick development and deployment of satellite constellations underline the critical need for sustainable management techniques that successfully balance technical development with space environment protection (2). This exponential outer space economic development stresses the need for global cooperation and regulatory frameworks to address the dual difficulties of reducing space debris of space junk in low earth orbit (LEO) and managing space traffic (3). This paper seeks to identify and underline the shortcomings in present governance models and stresses the need for adaptive reforms that can adjust to the changing character of the burgeoning space economy. The global community’s ability to provide a coherent and common direction will determine the course of sustainability and government involvement in space activities (4). Today is a good beginning to propose a comprehensive strategy that includes sustainability in space management through legal reorganization, technical development, and global cooperation. Policymakers, space agencies, and international organizations advise adopting sustainability and cooperation as guiding concepts for controlling space activities ensures that the exploration and use of outer space continue to demonstrate mankind’s collective ambition, responsibility, and ability to anticipate future needs (5). The decisions make now will define the long-lasting effects of the cosmic endeavors for future generations as the inhabitants of Earth get ready to enter a new age of space travel. This paper offers a strategy for establishing a well-balanced approach to space administration that promotes the long-lasting viability of outer space as a domain for peaceful exploration, scientific study, and group human achievement.

Key words: Sustainable Space Governance, Satellite Constellations Management, Space Debris Mitigation, International Law, and Cooperation, Technological and Legal Innovation

 

Introduction – Orbital Sustainability and Governance: Navigating the Challenges of In-Orbit Activities in the New Space Age

Navigating the complexities of outer space successfully calls for advanced technological capacity and a solid structure for guaranteeing sustainability and efficient government (6). Management of resources and control of space traffic in orbit become major issues as humans travel beyond Earth. Sustainable management of these resources depends on effective governance models, which must solve the twin challenges of ensuring equal access to space for all countries while restricting the congestion and contamination of orbital paths (7). In this regard, international standards and agreements are important since they provide a methodical approach to guaranteeing equitable and sustainable use of outer space (8). As space operations keep expanding, it is necessary to create explicit and enforceable rules and standards to avert conflicts and preserve the peaceful and cooperative use of space (9).
One cannot overstate the importance of international law in controlling space debris and ensuring sustained activities in orbit that pose a significant risk to satellites, manned missions, and the general safety of space operations, the growing amount of space debris calls for strict control policies and joint efforts to prevent hazards (10). International law, which is based on treaties and conventions, provides a legal framework for managing space debris covering the responsibility of both countries and businesses to reduce inoperable space debris generation and cooperate in its tracking and disposal (11). Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these legal systems depends on their broad acceptance and the will of all nations involved in space exploration to honor these values (12). In the pursuit of sustainable space activities, international law serves as both a tool for regulation and a means of encouraging world cooperation.
The growing number of satellite constellations emphasizes the need for carefully assessing orbital sustainability and space governance policy. Satellite constellations raise questions about orbital congestion and the risk of a surge in space debris, even while they provide unmatched opportunities for communication, Earth observation, and scientific investigation (13). To evaluate the impact of satellite constellations on orbital sustainability, a thorough approach must be developed to cover the legal, ethical, and environmental consequences as well as the technological aspects of satellite design and deployment (14). Managing satellite constellations means balancing the need to protect the space environment for future generations with the benefits of advanced space capability and promoting improved access (15). Maintaining this balance is critical to ensuring that the expansion of space operations benefits global knowledge, security, and connection, as well as the long-term viability of outer space.
The start of space exploration and use marks a new era of technological advancement that will enable humans to stretch their horizons outside Earth. However, there have been challenges in ensuring the long-term survival of space-based events. For the global community, important problems including space resource management, space debris accumulation, and the fast-growing satellite constellation count contributing the dwindling dark sky, have become major concerns (16). Long-term resource management in space and traffic control depends on effective governance models, that also ensure the continuous accessibility and safety of outer space for future generations (17). The accumulation of space debris poses a significant threat to working satellites and human space travel, necessitating the need for strong international laws and regulatory systems to lower risks and promote ethical space exploration methods (18).
It is impossible to overstate the importance of international law in controlling space debris and ensuring sustainable activities in orbit. Like the global commons, outer space is under the control of a complex system of treaties, accords, and sovereign policies (19). Still, the rapid speed of technology development and the increasing number of space exploration calls for the modification of current legal systems to effectively address present challenges. All those engaged in activities in outer space must cooperate in the development and application of conventions, rules, and best practices that support environmental preservation, safety, and equitable use of space resources to guarantee the long-term sustainability of such activities (20).
Furthermore, the incredible rise in the use of satellite constellations highlights the need for comprehensive governance systems, considering the impact of these systems on orbital sustainability and space control in reference to the economic areas of communication, earth observation, and global networking (21). It is imperative to balance the need to maintain the long-term usage of outer space with the advantages of space-based technologies. Modern space exploration depends critically on effective administration, worldwide cooperation, and environmentally beneficial methods of operation in space projects (22).
This research delves into the intricate interplay between sustainability, governance, and in-orbit activities in outer space operations, shedding light on their profound interconnections. By highlighting the critical importance of sustainable management strategies, the pivotal role of international law, and the substantial impact of satellite constellations on space activity regulation, this study offers a holistic understanding of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities in managing space resources. The framework of this study is meticulously crafted to guide the reader through governance approaches for sustainable management, the relevance of international law concerning space debris, and a balanced evaluation of satellite constellations’ impact on orbital sustainability. This work advances the current discourse on space governance, providing valuable insights for academia, industry, and policymakers alike. Ultimately, this research aims to inspire a sustainable future for space operations and beyond.

Innovative Governance for the Sustainable Management of In-Orbit Resources and Space Traffic

The use of outer space and space exploration have underlined the important need for sustainable management of resources in orbit and effective control of space traffic (23). Unprecedented opportunities for scientific, commercial, and security activities arise from the use of space resources such as satellite bandwidth and positioning, as well as the possibility of mineral extraction from asteroids (24). Simultaneously, the growing concentration of objects in orbit—including working satellites, decommissioned spacecraft, and other space debris—poses serious challenges to preventing collisions and guaranteeing the future sustainability of space activities. The complex interaction of several possibilities underlines the need to create robust governance models that can efficiently control the sustainable use of space resources while simultaneously protecting the orbital environment for future generations (25).
The current framework for controlling space activities is a complex structure that includes national regulatory systems at the domestic level, as well as international accords and treaties. Foundational international treaties comprise the Liability Convention, the Rescue Agreement, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, and the Registration Convention (26). These accords produce the basic rules controlling national behavior in the exploration and use of outer space underlining the ideas of unrestricted exploration, the ban on any one nation claiming ownership of outer space, the responsibility for any damage caused by space objects, and the obligation of states to take actions to prevent hazardous contamination of space and celestial bodies (27). Nevertheless, even if these agreements offer a vital legal foundation, they were developed during a time when few nations controlled much of the space activity and therefore did not foresee many of the issues that are now being faced.
To control and oversee their space programs, nations have created domestic regulatory systems to fill the gap for international law space law and regulations in areas lacking coverage (28). These national systems often handle problems including frequency control, space traffic management, satellite launch licensing, and space debris reduction (29). For instance, the United States of America boasts a vast legal and regulatory framework to supervise commercial space operations. The Commercial Space Launch Act is part of this structure, along with laws enforced by the Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Communications Commission, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (30). Likewise, some nations involved in space exploration have set their own laws and procedures to supervise their own national space projects. Given the essentially worldwide nature of space activities, improved international cooperation and coordination are required to properly handle complex space management issues. This is the situation, even if national laws are quite effective in controlling national space activity, the difference between the interests of different countries and the shared resource of outer space emphasizes the need for creative governance models that can link the current structures with the always-shifting character of modern space operations (31). These models ought to be able to link and harmonize several sections of outer space.
To ensure the sustainable management of in-orbit resources and space traffic, effective governance structures that can change to fit the fast-changing space activities are essential (32). As humans’ reliance on space-based technologies continues to rise, the need for comprehensive frameworks to ensure the continued viability of outer space becomes increasingly important combined with cooperative international frameworks and public-private partnerships to improve the sustainability of space governance (33).
Building cooperative international frameworks is crucial for sustainable control of in-orbit resources and space travel. Collaboration, openness, and shared benefits among governments involved in space exploration form the foundation of these models (34). The goal is to combine all global activities meant to control space traffic, reduce space junk, and guarantee fair use of available resources (35). The development of new space governance models can help promote the acceptance of consistent national-borders-spanning ideal solutions and standards promoting the acceptance of a coherent plan to protect the space environment for future generations (36). By fostering an environment of international collaboration, these frameworks can facilitate the development of standardized guidelines and best practices that transcend national boundaries, ensuring a cohesive approach to preserving the space environment for future generations.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between governmental ambitions and commercial innovation in the space sector where these partnerships leverage the agility and efficiency of the private sector, alongside the regulatory and policy-driven capabilities of governments, to advance sustainable in-orbit activities (37). Through PPPs, stakeholders can share resources, risks, and rewards in pursuit of common goals such as the deployment of advanced satellite constellations, the development of space debris removal technologies, and the establishment of sustainable lunar exploitation frameworks (38). The synergy between public and private entities underpins the development of resilient and adaptable governance structures capable of navigating the complexities of space activities.
Effective resource and traffic management illustrate the tangible benefits of these proposed governance models. For instance, the International Space Station (ISS) serves as a testament to the power of international cooperation in managing shared space resources and coordinating activities in low Earth orbit (LEO) (39). Similarly, initiatives like the Space Data Association, which fosters data sharing and operational coordination among satellite operators, highlight the potential of collaborative efforts in mitigating collision risks and optimizing space traffic flows (40). These examples underscore the feasibility and efficacy of collective approaches to space governance, offering valuable lessons for the design and implementation of future frameworks.
However, the path to implementing sustainable governance models is fraught with challenges. Key issues include reconciling diverse national interests and regulatory landscapes, ensuring equitable access to space for all countries, and fostering the adoption of shared standards among a fragmented and competitive commercial space sector. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological innovation often outpaces the development of regulatory frameworks, creating gaps that could jeopardize the sustainability of space activities. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders to aggressively embrace adaptation, promote communication, and commit to the long-term stewardship of outer space as a shared global common.

Legal Frontiers: Addressing the Challenge of Space Debris through International Law

The escalating issue of space debris represents one of the most pressing challenges confronting the sustainable management of in-orbit resources today. As the volume of debris – encompassing defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from collisions – continues to proliferate, the risk of Kessler Syndrome, a scenario where the density of objects in low Earth orbit is high enough to cause collisions between objects, creating even more debris and increasing the likelihood of further collisions, becomes a tangible threat (41). This growing concern not only jeopardizes the safety and operational integrity of current and future space missions but also raises significant questions about the sustainability of outer space as a shared global common. The urgency of addressing space debris is underscored by its potential to impede the exploration and use of outer space, necessitating immediate and concerted efforts to mitigate its accumulation and impact.
International legal frameworks play a pivotal role in the governance of space debris, providing a foundation for the establishment of norms, principles, and guidelines aimed at mitigating and managing space debris. Existing treaties and conventions, such as the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention, lay the groundwork for state responsibility, liability, and the registration of space objects (42). However, these instruments were crafted in an era prior to the current challenges posed by space debris and, as such, offer limited direct guidance on debris mitigation and remediation. The guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), represent a more recent effort to address space debris, yet their voluntary nature highlights the limitations of current international legal instruments in compelling adherence and enforcement (43).
The gaps and challenges in current international laws concerning space debris are multifaceted. One significant issue is the lack of binding regulations specifically aimed at the mitigation and removal of space debris (44). While the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines have been influential, their adoption and implementation by states and private entities vary widely, leading to inconsistent practices in debris mitigation (45). Furthermore, the evolving landscape of space activities, characterized by the increasing involvement of private sector actors and the deployment of large satellite constellations, necessitates a reevaluation of existing legal frameworks to ensure they remain relevant and effective in the face of new technological realities and operational paradigms.
To address these challenges, a multifaceted approach is required, one that not only strengthens and expands the scope of international legal instruments but also fosters greater collaboration between states, international organizations, and the private sector. Enhancing the existing legal framework to include mandatory debris mitigation standards, establishing mechanisms for debris removal, and encouraging the development of technologies for debris remediation are critical steps towards safeguarding the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (46). The integration of these strategies, coupled with a commitment to international cooperation and responsible spacefaring practices, is essential for ensuring that space remains a viable and safe environment for future generations.
The governance of in-orbit resources is increasingly challenged by the proliferation of space debris, a predicament that necessitates urgent and effective international legal frameworks to ensure the sustainability of outer space activities. The role of international law in regulating space debris is critical, as it provides the legal basis for the establishment of norms and principles that govern the activities of states and private entities in space. Despite the existence of foundational treaties such as the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which sets forth the basic framework for international space law, these documents do not specifically address the contemporary issue of space debris. This gap underscores the pressing need for legal reforms tailored to the complexities of debris management, aimed at preventing the generation of debris and facilitating its mitigation and removal.
Proposed legal reforms for debris management encompass a wide array of measures, including the development of binding international regulations that mandate the minimization of debris generation through the design, operation, and disposal of spacecraft and launch vehicle stages. For instance, the implementation of «Design for Demise» (D4D) principles, which ensure that satellites and other space objects are constructed in a manner that minimizes the risk of debris generation upon re-entry, could be mandated (47). Moreover, the establishment of an international registry of space objects, coupled with enhanced tracking and management capabilities, would improve accountability, and facilitate the active removal of debris. These reforms require a collaborative international effort to establish consensus and ensure widespread adoption and compliance.
The role of international organizations and forums in the governance of space debris is indispensable, acting as pivotal platforms for the development, negotiation, and implementation of international legal instruments. Organizations such as the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and its subsidiary bodies, the Legal Subcommittee and the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, play crucial roles in this regard providing a forum for discussion, development, and refinement of international guidelines and standards for debris mitigation and management (48). The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), an international governmental forum, is another key player, offering a venue for the coordination of activities related to the mitigation of space debris among the space agencies of member countries (49).
Illustrative case studies of international responses to space debris highlight both the progress and challenges in this domain. The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Clean Space initiative, aimed at actively removing debris from orbit, exemplifies an innovative approach to debris management (50). Similarly, Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has undertaken projects to develop technologies for removing debris, including the use of electrodynamic tethers (51). These initiatives, while promising, underscore the necessity of international cooperation and legal support to ensure their success and scalability. Furthermore, the adoption of the 2007 Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines by the United Nations General Assembly, although a non-binding resolution, demonstrates a collective international acknowledgment of the debris issue and a willingness to address it (52). These case studies reinforce the imperative for robust international legal frameworks and the active involvement of global organizations and forums in spearheading efforts to manage space debris effectively, ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities.

Orbital Crossroads: The Dual Impact of Satellite Constellations on Sustainability and Governance

The advent of large satellite constellations marks a significant evolution in space technology, offering unparalleled opportunities for global communication, earth observation, and scientific research (53). These constellations, comprised of hundreds or even thousands of satellites orbiting the Earth, promise to deliver high-speed internet access to the most remote regions of the world, monitor environmental changes in real-time, and advance our understanding of the cosmos (54). However, the rapid deployment of these constellations introduces substantial risks and challenges to orbital sustainability and governance. The primary concern is the increased probability of space debris generation due to potential collisions between satellites, which could exacerbate the already critical situation of space congestion. Moreover, the sheer number of satellites in these constellations poses a threat to the astronomical community, as their presence and the reflective surfaces interfere with observations and scientific data collection, raising questions about the long-term viability of near-Earth space for both operational and research purposes (55).
Assessing the environmental impact of large satellite constellations is crucial to understanding and mitigating their potential negative consequences on space sustainability. The introduction of thousands of satellites into orbit significantly increases the risk of on-orbit collisions, leading to the generation of space debris that can endanger other satellites and human spaceflight missions. This scenario necessitates the development and strict enforcement of international guidelines and best practices for satellite design, operation, and end-of-life disposal to minimize debris creation. Additionally, the impact on ground-based astronomy calls for innovative solutions, such as the development of satellite constellations with reduced brightness and the establishment of collaborative frameworks between satellite operators and the astronomical community to minimize disruptions. Ultimately, the sustainable management and governance of satellite constellations require a balanced approach that recognizes the benefits of these technologies while proactively addressing their environmental and operational impacts to ensure the long-term usability of outer space (56).
The emergence of large satellite constellations has ushered in a new era of space utilization, offering significant advancements in global communication, earth observation, and broadband internet access. While these developments hold the promise of transformative benefits for society, they also introduce complex challenges to orbital sustainability and governance. The rapid increase in the number of satellites in orbit poses unprecedented demands on frequency management and spectrum allocation, critical components for ensuring interference-free operations among space-based assets (57). The finite nature of the radio-frequency spectrum, coupled with the potential for physical and signal interference, necessitates robust international regulatory frameworks and coordination mechanisms to manage these resources effectively underscoring the importance of revising and strengthening global governance models to accommodate the burgeoning demands of satellite constellations while safeguarding the interests of all space-faring entities (58).
Moreover, the proliferation of satellite constellations significantly elevates the risk of collisions in space, presenting a daunting challenge for space traffic management. As the orbital environment becomes increasingly congested, the likelihood of accidental collisions, with potentially catastrophic consequences in terms of debris generation and the resultant Kessler Syndrome, becomes a pressing concern. This situation calls for the implementation of advanced space situational awareness (SSA) capabilities, enhanced debris mitigation strategies, and the development of international standards for the design, operation, and end-of-life disposal of satellites. Ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities amidst the growth of satellite constellations will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders to adopt and adhere to responsible space behavior, underpinned by effective governance frameworks that can address these emerging challenges.
Case studies of governance responses to satellite constellations highlight the dynamic and evolving nature of space governance. For instance, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) plays a pivotal role in the coordination of spectrum use, requiring satellite operators to register frequencies to avoid harmful interference between space systems (59). However, the deployment of mega-constellations has tested the limits of existing procedures, prompting discussions on how to adapt regulatory mechanisms to the realities of modern space activities. Similarly, the collaborative efforts under the auspices of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) to develop guidelines for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities reflect an international consensus on the need to address the challenges posed by satellite constellations comprehensively (60).
Looking to the future, managing the impact of satellite constellations on orbital sustainability and governance will necessitate innovative approaches and adaptive regulatory frameworks. The development of international norms and best practices for constellation management, alongside technological advancements in SSA and debris mitigation, will be crucial. Moreover, fostering cooperation between governmental and private sector actors, as well as among international bodies, will be essential to harmonize efforts and ensure the safe, secure, and sustainable use of outer space. As satellite constellations continue to reshape the space environment, the global community must rise to the occasion, developing and implementing governance strategies that not only address current challenges but are also flexible enough to adapt to the future landscape of space activities.

Safeguarding the Cosmos: The Imperative for Sustainability in Space Governance

Integrating sustainability into the framework of space governance marks a crucial turning point aimed at ensuring the enduring viability and ethical utilization of outer space as this endeavor is complex, rooted in the challenge of balancing the rapid growth of space activities with the essential need to protect the space environment for the benefit of future generations (61). Such a balance demands a comprehensive strategy in space governance, one that equally prioritizes environmental stewardship, economic feasibility, and social advantages. Effective governance models are called upon to tackle pressing issues such as space debris management, fair access to space resources, and the risk of orbital congestion (62). Positioning sustainability at the heart of space governance enables a collaborative and innovative ecosystem that not only promotes advancement but also conserves the collective inheritance of outer space.
For policymakers and space organizations, embedding sustainability into space governance unfolds into a series of strategic actions. It necessitates the creation and rigorous implementation of global standards and best practices for space operations. These standards should concentrate on minimizing space debris, establishing protocols for the responsible end-of-life management of satellites, and promoting the sustainable exploration of extraterrestrial resources (63). Policymakers are also urged to support and fund the advancement of technologies that could boost the sustainability of space ventures, including novel propulsion systems, materials engineering, and services for in-orbit maintenance (64). Moreover, it’s imperative to revise national and international regulatory structures to better reflect the changing dynamics of space activity, with a focus on endorsing accountable conduct among all space participants. Elevating sustainability as a priority in the development of policies and regulations sets a universal precedent for conscientious space governance.
The significance of international cooperation in the realm of sustainable space governance is paramount. Given that space is a shared global asset, its preservation and sustainable utilization necessitate a unified effort from all countries and stakeholders. Such global collaboration promotes the exchange of expertise, resources, and exemplary practices, paving the way for a cohesive strategy to surmount the hurdles of space sustainability. For instance, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) stand as beacons of how cooperative governance frameworks can nurture dialogue and consensus among the world community (65). These forums are instrumental in shaping international norms and standards, thereby fostering a spirit of mutual respect and trust among space-faring entities. Amplifying international collaboration in space governance guarantees the widespread adoption and execution of sustainability principles, laying the groundwork for a cooperative and lasting venture into outer space (66).
In essence, the integration of sustainability into space governance is indispensable for the conservation and judicious exploitation of the space environment. Tackling the intricacies of sustainability and governance, enacting progressive policies, and enhancing global cooperation are fundamental steps towards securing a future where space continues to be a realm of possibility, exploration, and collective advantage. The concerted endeavors of policymakers, space agencies, and international institutions are crucial in cultivating a sustainable trajectory for space activities. As we approach a new chapter in space exploration, the dedication to sustainable space governance will be instrumental in our capacity to responsibly navigate, utilize, and derive benefits from the vastness of space.

Conclusion – Towards a Sustainable Cosmos: Navigating the Future of Space Governance and Sustainability

In the end, the exploration and utilization of outer space offers great opportunities, as well as significant challenges that call for a deliberate effort to bring sustainability and governance right into the core of space activities. This paper clarifies the intricate link between the increasing use of satellite constellations, space debris control, and the pressing need for robust governance frameworks to ensure the long-term survival of the space environment. The main conclusions emphasize the importance of international legal frameworks, the impact of technology development, and the fundamental need for world cooperation in handling the complexity of space governance. Effective management of the exploration and commercialization objectives, together with giving environmental responsibility top priority and guaranteeing fair access to space resources, will determine the direction of space activities.
Right now, sustainability and governance in space missions find their future at a pivotal juncture. Establishing adaptable and proactive governance structures will help us to properly manage the hazards presented by space debris, support equitable allocation of space resources, and inspire peaceful activities in outer space as we probe deeper into the universe. Technical developments must accompany space governance to enable a proactive rather than reactive attitude toward sustainability issues. Moreover, the emergence of new players in space activities, including commercial enterprises and growing space nations, emphasizes the need for inclusive governance models that reflect the interests and responsibilities of all the participants in the space industry.
At this time, the world community must show a strong will to cooperate and implement sustainable solutions in activities connected to space. Working together, governments, international organizations, businesses, and the scientific community should help to define a sustainable path for space exploration and use. An all-encompassing and enforceable worldwide legislative framework, in conjunction with the encouragement of excellent approaches to space sustainability, can shape a future where space operations align with environmental preservation and international cooperation. The necessity is clear: we can only ensure that outer space remains a sphere of possibilities, exploration, and advantages open to all of humankind.

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